Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo, 1451?-1506) was an italian (probably Genoese) sea explorer who crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the service of Spain while searching for a new route to the Indies. He is often credited as the discoverer of the Americas, because 15th Century Europe was unaware of the existence of the Americas when he landed in is now called the West Indies.

Discovery of America

Columbus was obviously not the first person to reach the Americas, which he found populated by Native Americans. He was not even the first European to reach them, as Vikings from Northern Europe had visited North America before, establishing the short-lived Vinland at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada. Yet it was his discovery of the "New World" that created the still-existing link between the continents.

Voyages

Columbus went to the court of Portugal, then the main exploring nation, with an idea to sail to the Indies (then roughly meaning all of south and east Asia by sailing west and crossing the Atlantic rather than by going around Africa. However, he was refused: The king's experts believed that the route would be longer than Columbus thought (the actual distance is even longer than the Portuguese believed). Columbus then tried to get backing from Spain or some other country, and finally in 1492, when they had conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula, the Spanish king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella de Castilla, agreed to have an expedition sent out.

In that same year, Columbus left from Palos with three ships, the Santa Maria, Nina and Pinta. He crossed the Atlantic from the Canary Islands, and landed on an island on the other side. There is still much discussion about which island this was (see http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/cclandfl.htm), but at least it is quite certain that it was one of the Bahamas. On this first voyage, Columbus also discovered Cuba and Hispaniola, on which he left some colonists.

At one stroke Columbus became famous and he soon left for his second voyage (1493-6). He had a course more southerly than on his first voyage, and landed on Guadeloupe. He discovered a few more of the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico, then went to Hispaniola, where his colonists had disappeared. He established a new, larger colony, and started the conquest of the island. Before leaving to return to Europe, he explored the south coast of Cuba (which he thought was a part of the mainland) and discovered Jamaica.

In 1498, Columbus left for the New World a third time. This time he discovered the island of Trinidad and the mainland of South America, including the Orinoco River, before turning to Hispaniola. In 1500, after rumours of mismanagement, he was arrested and taken back to Spain.

Although he regained his freedom, he did not regain his prestige. Nevertheless he made a fourth voyage, in 1502-1504. On this voyage, he explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama, but got marooned on Jamaica. He managed to get to Hispaniola to get help.

In 1506, Columbus died in Spain, still convinced that his discoveries were along the East Coast of Asia.