Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo, 1451?-1506) was an italian (probably Genoese) sea explorer who crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the service of Spain while searching for a new route to the Indies. He is often credited as the discoverer of the Americas, because 15th Century Europe was unaware of the existence of the Americas when he landed in is now called the West Indies.

Discovery of America

Columbus was obviously not the first person to reach the Americas, which he found populated by Native Americans. He was not even the first European to reach them, as Vikings from Northern Europe had visited North America before, establishing the short-lived Vinland at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada. Yet it was his discovery of the "New World" that created the still-existing link between the continents.

Voyages

In times in which the Earth still was not presumed to be round-shaped, Columbus was convinced instead that it was, and that consequently it would be possible to reach the Indies (India, Indonesia and other areas in south and east Asia) more easily by sailing west and crossing the Atlantic than by going around Africa. He laid down his plans to the king of Portugal, but was refused - the king's experts believed that, even in case the hypothesis of a round planet was effectively correct, the route would however be longer than Columbus thought (the actual distance was even longer than the Portuguese believed). Columbus then tried to get backing from Spain or some other country, and finally in 1492, when they had conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula, the Spanish king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella de Castilla, agreed to have an expedition sent out.

In that same year, Columbus left from Palos (Portugal) with three caravelle (ships), the Santa Maria, Nina and Pinta. He crossed the Atlantic from the Canary Islands, and landed on an island on the other side. There is still much discussion about which island this was (see http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/cclandfl.htm), but at least it is quite certain that it was one of the Bahamas. On this first voyage, Columbus also discovered Cuba and Hispaniola, on which he left some colonists.

Columbus and his discoveries changed geography, finally demonstrating with a concrete result that the Earth was really round; still the american continent was not yet identified for what it really was, and the general convinction was at the time that he had only reached India from west (there will need several other expeditions, notably Amerigo Vespucci's ones, and deeper studies to conclude it was a new continent).

At one stroke Columbus became famous and he soon left for his second voyage (1493-6). He had a course more southerly than on his first voyage, and landed on Guadeloupe. He discovered a few more of the Minor Antilles and Puerto Rico, then went to Hispaniola, where his colonists had disappeared. He established a new, larger colony, and started the conquest of the island. Before leaving to return to Europe, he explored the south coast of Cuba (which he thought was a part of the mainland) and discovered Jamaica.

In 1498, Columbus left for the New World a third time. This time he discovered the island of Trinidad and the mainland of South America, including the Orinoco River, before turning to Hispaniola. In 1500, after rumours of mismanagement, he was arrested and taken back to Spain.

Although he regained his freedom, he did not regain his prestige. Nevertheless he made a fourth voyage, in 1502-1504. On this voyage, he explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama, but got marooned on Jamaica. He managed to get to Hispaniola to get help.

In 1506, Columbus died in Spain, still convinced that his discoveries were along the East Coast of Asia.